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Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), also known as hemorrhagic stroke, is a sudden bleeding into the tissues of the brain (i.e. the parenchyma), into its ventricles, or into both. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 1 ] An ICH is a type of bleeding within the skull and one kind of stroke (ischemic stroke being the other).
Non-traumatic causes of hemorrhage includes: hypertension, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, hemorrhagic conversion of ischemic infarction, cerebral aneurysms, dural arteriovenous fistulae, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, cerebral vasculitis and mycotic aneurysm. [3] More than half of all cases of intracranial hemorrhage are the result of ...
The other form is intraventricular hemorrhage). [1] Intraparenchymal hemorrhage accounts for approximately 8-13% of all strokes and results from a wide spectrum of disorders. It is more likely to result in death or major disability than ischemic stroke or subarachnoid hemorrhage, and therefore constitutes an immediate medical emergency.
The Kernohan's notch is a secondary phenomenon that results from a major primary injury. Non-tumoral, non-traumatic, intracranial haemorrhage rarely causes this phenomenon. A wide range of serious injuries can cause an increase in intracranial pressure to trigger the formation of a Kernohan's notch.
Epidural hemorrhage is bleeding between the dura mater and the skull. [4] It is commonly associated with damage to the middle meningeal artery, often resulting from a skull fracture. Subdural hemorrhage is bleeding between the dura mater and the arachnoid. [4] Intracerebral hemorrhage is bleeding within the brain tissue itself. [4]
The broad term, "stroke" can be divided into three categories: brain ischemia, subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain ischemia can be further subdivided, by cause, into thrombotic, embolic, and hypoperfusion. [3] Thrombotic and embolic are generally focal or multifocal in nature while hypoperfusion affects the brain globally.
A subdural hematoma (SDH) is a type of bleeding in which a collection of blood—usually but not always associated with a traumatic brain injury—gathers between the inner layer of the dura mater and the arachnoid mater of the meninges surrounding the brain.
Extra attention should be placed on intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring via an intraventricular catheter and medications to maintain ICP, blood pressure, and coagulation. [2] In more severe cases an external ventricular drain may be required to maintain ICP and evacuate the hemorrhage, and in extreme cases an open craniotomy may be required.