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Zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ), sometimes known as zirconia (not to be confused with zirconium silicate or zircon ), is a white crystalline oxide of zirconium . Its most naturally occurring form, with a monoclinic crystalline structure , is the mineral baddeleyite .
Discovered in 1892, the yellowish monoclinic mineral baddeleyite is a natural form of zirconium oxide. [2] The high melting point of zirconia (2750 °C or 4976 °F) hinders controlled growth of single crystals. However, stabilization of cubic zirconium oxide had been realized early on, with the synthetic product stabilized zirconia introduced ...
Zirconium is relatively abundant in S-type stars, and has been detected in the sun and in meteorites. Lunar rock samples brought back from several Apollo missions to the moon have a high zirconium oxide content relative to terrestrial rocks. [23] EPR spectroscopy has been used in investigations of the unusual 3+ valence state of zirconium.
The incorporation of zirconium in modern converters, forming ceria-zirconia, improves the performance of the catalyst by enhancing the resistance of the material to sintering, and simultaneously increasing the ability of the oxide to accommodate oxygen vacancies in its structure. [6]
Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is a ceramic in which the cubic crystal structure of zirconium dioxide is made stable at room temperature by an addition of yttrium oxide. These oxides are commonly called "zirconia" (Zr O 2) and "yttria" (Y 2 O 3), hence the name.
Baddeleyite is a rare zirconium oxide mineral (ZrO 2 or zirconia), occurring in a variety of monoclinic prismatic crystal forms. It is transparent to translucent, has high indices of refraction, and ranges from colorless to yellow, green, and dark brown.
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As such, cerium oxide is a material of interest for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) in comparison to zirconium oxide. [29] Thermochemically, the cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle or CeO 2 /Ce 2 O 3 cycle is a two-step water splitting process that has been used for hydrogen production. [30]