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In the empirical sciences, the so-called three-sigma rule of thumb (or 3 σ rule) expresses a conventional heuristic that nearly all values are taken to lie within three standard deviations of the mean, and thus it is empirically useful to treat 99.7% probability as near certainty.
The constant factor 3 in the definition of the Z-factor is motivated by the normal distribution, for which more than 99% of values occur within three times standard deviations of the mean. If the data follow a strongly non-normal distribution, the reference points (e.g. the meaning of a negative value) may be misleading.
The function can be extended to sequences of actions by the following recursive equations: (, [ ]) = (, [,, …,]) = ( (,), [, …,]) A plan for a STRIPS instance is a sequence of actions such that the state that results from executing the actions in order from the initial state satisfies the goal conditions.
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Figure 1: View of Drucker–Prager yield surface in 3D space of principal stresses for =, = The Drucker–Prager yield criterion [1] is a pressure-dependent model for determining whether a material has failed or undergone plastic yielding. The criterion was introduced to deal with the plastic deformation of soils.