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Some models built via machine learning algorithms have over 90% accuracy in distinguishing between spam and legitimate emails. [16] These models can be refined using new data and evolving spam tactics. Machine learning also analyzes traits such as sender behavior, email header information, and attachment types, potentially enhancing spam detection.
Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. [1]
Evolutionary methods, [147] gene expression programming, [148] simulated annealing, [149] expectation–maximization, non-parametric methods and particle swarm optimization [150] are other learning algorithms. Convergent recursion is a learning algorithm for cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) neural networks. [151] [152]
For example, the outcome of a game (i.e., whether one player won or lost) can be easily measured without providing labeled examples of desired strategies. Neuroevolution is commonly used as part of the reinforcement learning paradigm, and it can be contrasted with conventional deep learning techniques that use backpropagation ( gradient descent ...
Generally, computational intelligence is a set of nature-inspired computational methodologies and approaches to address complex real-world problems to which mathematical or traditional modelling can be useless for a few reasons: the processes might be too complex for mathematical reasoning, it might contain some uncertainties during the process ...
Automated decision-making involves using data as input to be analyzed within a process, model, or algorithm or for learning and generating new models. [7] ADM systems may use and connect a wide range of data types and sources depending on the goals and contexts of the system, for example, sensor data for self-driving cars and robotics, identity data for security systems, demographic and ...
Natural computing, [1] [2] also called natural computation, is a terminology introduced to encompass three classes of methods: 1) those that take inspiration from nature for the development of novel problem-solving techniques; 2) those that are based on the use of computers to synthesize natural phenomena; and 3) those that employ natural materials (e.g., molecules) to compute.
Learning robot behavior using genetic algorithms; Image processing: Dense pixel matching [16] Learning fuzzy rule base using genetic algorithms; Molecular structure optimization (chemistry) Optimisation of data compression systems, for example using wavelets. Power electronics design. [17] Traveling salesman problem and its applications [14]