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The concept of street-level bureaucracy was first coined by Michael Lipsky in 1969, [2] who argued that "policy implementation in the end comes down to the people [(the street-level bureaucrats)] who actually implement it". However, the process of street-level bureaucracy has been around for a much longer period.
The concept of street-level bureaucracy was popularized by Michael Lipsky in 1980. He argued that "policy implementation in the end comes down to the people who actually implement it". [2] He argued that state employees such as police and social workers should be seen as part of the "policy-making community" and as exercisers of political power.
Individual level clientelism can also be carried out through coercion where citizens are threatened with lack of goods or services unless they vote for a certain politician or party. [18] The relationship can also work in the opposite direction, where voters pressure politicians into clientelistic relationships in exchange for electoral support ...
Bureaucracy (/ b j ʊəˈr ɒ k r ə s i /; bure-OK-rə-see) is a system of organization where decisions are made by a body of non-elected officials. [1] Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials. [2]
In parliamentary democracies based on the Westminster system, political deadlock may occur when a closely-fought election returns a hung parliament (where no one party, or clear coalition of parties holds a majority); this may result in either the formation of a coalition government (if such an outcome is unusual, as in the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia, but not most of mainland Europe ...
Although the idea of high politics has been present in all cultures and epochs, Thomas Hobbes was the first to enunciate that survival (of trade, the laws, societal order) hinges upon a finite number of ingredients; these ingredients were embodied and provided by the state.
Diana Hilary Coole (born 1952) [1] is Professor of Political and Social Theory in the School of Politics and Sociology, Birkbeck, University of London.Her main field of research covers, broadly, contemporary continental philosophy with special interests in poststructuralism (especially Foucault), and feminism and gender in political thought. [2]
Demarchy, in theory, could overcome some of the functional problems of conventional representative democracy, which is widely subject to manipulation by special interests and a division between professional policymakers (politicians and lobbyists) vs. a largely passive, uninvolved and often uninformed electorate.