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As is common for complexity classes within the polynomial time hierarchy, a problem is called GI-hard if there is a polynomial-time Turing reduction from any problem in GI to that problem, i.e., a polynomial-time solution to a GI-hard problem would yield a polynomial-time solution to the graph isomorphism problem (and so all problems in GI).
Soon after it appeared, the book received positive reviews by reputed researchers in the area of theoretical computer science. In his review, Ronald V. Book recommends the book to "anyone who wishes to learn about the subject of NP-completeness", and he explicitly mentions the "extremely useful" appendix with over 300 NP-hard computational problems.
The basic mathematical model for a communication system is the following: Communication with feedback. Here is the formal definition of each element (where the only difference with respect to the nonfeedback capacity is the encoder definition): is the message to be transmitted, taken in an alphabet;
The problem of obtaining Byzantine consensus was conceived and formalized by Robert Shostak, who dubbed it the interactive consistency problem. This work was done in 1978 in the context of the NASA-sponsored SIFT [5] project in the Computer Science Lab at SRI International. SIFT (for Software Implemented Fault Tolerance) was the brainchild of ...
A problem is hard for a class of problems C if every problem in C can be polynomial-time reduced to . Thus no problem in C is harder than , since an algorithm for allows us to solve any problem in C with at most polynomial slowdown. Of particular importance, the set of problems that are hard for NP is called the set of NP-hard problems.
We'll cover exactly how to play Strands, hints for today's spangram and all of the answers for Strands #283 on Wednesday, December 11. Related: 16 Games Like Wordle To Give You Your Word Game Fix ...
The near–far problem or hearability problem is the effect of a strong signal from a near signal source in making it hard for a receiver to hear a weaker signal from a further source due to adjacent-channel interference, co-channel interference, distortion, capture effect, dynamic range limitation, or the like.
ROME (Reuters) -Pope Francis has suggested the global community should study whether Israel's military campaign in Gaza constitutes a genocide of the Palestinian people, in some of his most ...