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Stephen Edelston Toulmin (/ ˈ t uː l m ɪ n /; 25 March 1922 – 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator.Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning.
The earliest argumentation-based model used by many design rationale systems is the Toulmin model. [7] The Toulmin model defines the rules of design rationale argumentation with six steps: [21] Claim is made; Supporting data are provided; Warrant provides evidence to the existing relations; Warrant can be supported by a backing; Model ...
A Toulmin argument diagram, redrawn from his 1959 Uses of Argument A generalised Toulmin diagram. Stephen Toulmin, in his groundbreaking and influential 1958 book The Uses of Argument, [20] identified several elements to an argument which have been generalized. The Toulmin diagram is widely used in educational critical teaching.
Toulmin model – a method of diagramming arguments created by Stephen Toulmin that identifies such components as backing, claim, data, qualifier, rebuttal, and warrant. Tricolon – the pattern of three phrases in parallel, found commonly in Western writing after Cicero—for example, the kitten had white fur, blue eyes, and a pink tongue.
The Good–Toulmin (GT) estimator was developed by Good and Toulmin in 1953. [4] The estimate of the unseen species based on the Good–Toulmin estimator is given by U GT ≜ U GT ( X n , t ) ≜ ∑ i = 1 ∞ ( − t ) i + 1 φ i . {\displaystyle U^{\text{GT}}\triangleq U^{\text{GT}}(X^{n},t)\triangleq \sum _{i=1}^{\infty }(-t)^{i+1}\varphi _{i}.}
Toulmin argumentation framework example. As demonstrated in Toulmin’s argumentation framework, the grounds of an assumption require warrant and backing to legitimize the claim and prove the soundness of the conclusion. The framework involves a claim, grounds, warrant, qualifier, rebuttal, and backing. The initial claim of an argument is the ...
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The diagram will always take the form of a tree structure in Araucaria. The user has the choice of translating the argument into standard diagram, Toulmin diagram or Wigmore diagram, Araucaria 3.1 being the first software to integrate the latter ontology and to address the translation issues between the different diagrams. [2]