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The equivalent voltage V th is the voltage obtained at terminals A–B of the network with terminals A–B open circuited. The equivalent resistance R th is the resistance that the circuit between terminals A and B would have if all ideal voltage sources in the circuit were replaced by a short circuit and all ideal current sources were replaced ...
To find the Norton equivalent of a linear time-invariant circuit, the Norton current I no is calculated as the current flowing at the two terminals A and B of the original circuit that is now short (zero impedance between the terminals). The Norton resistance R no is found by calculating the output voltage V o produced at A and B with no ...
An equivalent impedance is an equivalent circuit of an electrical network of impedance elements [note 2] which presents the same impedance between all pairs of terminals [note 10] as did the given network. This article describes mathematical transformations between some passive, linear impedance networks commonly found in electronic circuits.
The equivalent circuit for Z-parameters of a two-port network. The equivalent circuit for Z-parameters of a reciprocal two-port network. The Z-parameter matrix for the two-port network is probably the most common. In this case the relationship between the port currents, port voltages and the Z-parameter matrix is given by:
At a distance x into the line, there is current phasor I(x) traveling through each wire, and there is a voltage difference phasor V(x) between the wires (bottom voltage minus top voltage). If Z 0 {\displaystyle Z_{0}} is the characteristic impedance of the line, then V ( x ) / I ( x ) = Z 0 {\displaystyle V(x)/I(x)=Z_{0}} for a wave moving ...
In electrical engineering, impedance is the opposition to alternating current presented by the combined effect of resistance and reactance in a circuit. [1]Quantitatively, the impedance of a two-terminal circuit element is the ratio of the complex representation of the sinusoidal voltage between its terminals, to the complex representation of the current flowing through it. [2]
where A, B and C are the so-called Steinhart–Hart coefficients. This equation is used to calibrate thermistors. Extrinsic (doped) semiconductors have a far more complicated temperature profile. As temperature increases starting from absolute zero they first decrease steeply in resistance as the carriers leave the donors or acceptors.
Often, an equivalent circuit is sought that simplifies calculation, and more broadly, that is a simplest form of a more complex circuit in order to aid analysis. [1] In its most common form, an equivalent circuit is made up of linear, passive elements. However, more complex equivalent circuits are used that approximate the nonlinear behavior of ...