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The common opinion among the Sunnis is that the Mahdi is an expected ruler to be sent by God before the end times to re-establish righteousness. [3] He is held to be from among the descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and her husband Ali , and his physical characteristics including a broad forehead and curved nose.
Historical works of later Muslim writers include the traditional biographies of Muhammad and quotations attributed to him—the sira and hadith literature—which provide further information on Muhammad's life. [4] The earliest surviving written sira (biography of Muhammad) is Sirat Rasul Allah (Life of God's Messenger) by Ibn Ishaq (d. 761 or ...
[32] [67] According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad also sent letters to many rulers of the world, asking them to convert to Islam (the exact date are given variously in the sources). [5] [68] [69] Hence he sent messengers (with letters) to Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire (the eastern Roman Empire), Khosrau of Persia, the chief of Yemen and to ...
Both religions venerate Shuaib and Muhammad: Shuaib is revered as the chief prophet in the Druze religion, [309] and in Islam he is considered a prophet of God. Muslims regard Muhammad as the final and paramount prophet sent by God, [310] [full citation needed] [311] to the Druze, Muhammad is exalted as one of the seven prophets sent by God in ...
The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years. The early Muslim conquests that occurred following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE led to the creation of the caliphates, expanding over a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by Arab Muslim forces expanding over vast territories and building imperial structures over time.
John of Damascus on Islam: The "Heresy of the Ishmaelites.". BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-03495-2. Sicker, Martin (2000). The Islamic world in ascendancy: from the Arab conquests to the siege of Vienna. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96892-2. Gibbon, Edward (2008). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 5.
Some Muslims believe that the processes of life on Earth started from one single point of species [5] with a mixture of water and a viscous clay-like substance. [6] [7] Muslim thinkers have proposed and accepted elements of the theory of evolution, some holding the belief of the supremacy of God in the process.
A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...