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English: VB mixing diagram of benzene. The Kekulé structures are mutually transformable by the D 6h point group operations C 2, σ v and i; a linear combination produces a ground A 1g state and the first excited B 2u state. Ref. Sason S. Shaik; Phillipe C. Hiberty (2008). A Chemist's Guide to Valence Bond Theory.
The image below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical oil refinery that depicts the various unit processes and the flow of intermediate product streams that occurs between the inlet crude oil feedstock and the final end products. The diagram depicts only one of the literally hundreds of different oil refinery configurations.
*** Benzene is a carcinogen (cancer-causing agent). *** Very flammable. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. Safe handling: Benzene should NOT be used at all unless no safer alternatives are available. If benzene must be used in an experiment, it should be handled at all stages in a fume cupboard.
ISO 10628 Diagrams for the chemical and petrochemical industry specifies the classification, content, and representation of flow diagrams. It does not apply to electrical engineering diagrams. ISO 10628 consists of the following parts: Part 1: Specification of Diagrams (ISO 10628-1:2014) [1] Part 2: Graphical Symbols (ISO 10628-2:2012)
Structural diagrams of the BTX hydrocarbons. In the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, the initialism BTX refers to mixtures of benzene , toluene , and the three xylene isomers , all of which are aromatic hydrocarbons .
Hazard pictograms form part of the international Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). Two sets of pictograms are included within the GHS: one for the labelling of containers and for workplace hazard warnings, and a second for use during the transport of dangerous goods.
Empty Kipp's apparatus, with stopcock and fermentation lock. Drawing of a filled Kipp's apparatus. Kipp's apparatus, also called a Kipp generator, is an apparatus designed for preparation of small volumes of gases.