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  2. Extrachromosomal DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA

    Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes contained in the nucleus. Multiple forms of extrachromosomal DNA exist, and, while some of these serve important biological functions, [1] they can also play a role in diseases such as cancer. [2] [3] [4]

  3. Extrachromosomal circular DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_circular_DNA

    Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is a type of double-stranded circular DNA structure that was first discovered in 1964 by Alix Bassel and Yasuo Hotta. [1] In contrast to previously identified circular DNA structures (e.g., bacterial plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, circular bacterial chromosomes, or chloroplast DNA), eccDNA are circular DNA found in the eukaryotic nuclei of plant and animal ...

  4. Extrachromosomal rDNA circle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal_rDNA_circle

    Circular extrachromosomal DNA are not only found in yeast but other eukaryotic organisms. [15] [16] A regulated formation of eccDNA in preblastua Xenopus embryos has been developed. The population of circular rDNA is decreased in embryos, indicative of the circular rDNA migrating to linear DNA, as was shown in their analysis on 2D gel ...

  5. Plasmid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid

    A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms.

  6. Double minute - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_minute

    Double minutes (DMs) are small fragments of extrachromosomal DNA, which have been observed in a large number of human tumors including breast, lung, ovary, colon, and most notably, neuroblastoma. They are a manifestation of gene amplification as a result of chromothripsis , [ 1 ] during the development of tumors, which give the cells selective ...

  7. Extranuclear inheritance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extranuclear_inheritance

    The mitochondrial DNA and other extranuclear types of DNA replicate independently of the DNA located in the nucleus, which is typically arranged in chromosomes that only replicate one time preceding cellular division. The extranuclear genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts however replicate independently of cell division.

  8. Chromosome abnormality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality

    A chromosomal abnormality, chromosomal anomaly, chromosomal aberration, chromosomal mutation, or chromosomal disorder is a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] These can occur in the form of numerical abnormalities, where there is an atypical number of chromosomes, or as structural abnormalities, where one or ...

  9. Genomic DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_DNA

    Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated as gDNA [1]) is chromosomal DNA, in contrast to extra-chromosomal DNAs like plasmids.Most organisms have the same genomic DNA in every cell; however, only certain genes are active in each cell to allow for cell function and differentiation within the body.