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The glycocalyx is a type of identifier that the body uses to distinguish between its own healthy cells and transplanted tissues, diseased cells, or invading organisms. Included in the glycocalyx are cell-adhesion molecules that enable cells to adhere to each other and guide the movement of cells during embryonic development. [3]
The branching system of Chara species is complex with branches derived from apical cells which cut off segments at the base to form nodal and internodal cells alternately. [4] The main axes bear whorls of branches in a superficial resemblance to Equisetum (a vascular plant). [ 5 ]
The green algae and land plants have lost that pigment. [11] Like red algae, and in contrast to green algae and plants, glaucophytes store fixed carbon in the cytosol. [12] The most early-diverging genus is Cyanophora, which only has one or two plastids. When there are two, they are semi-connected. [13] Glaucophytes have mitochondria with flat ...
[note 1] Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes have never been involved in secondary endosymbiosis events. [10] The cells of the Archaeplastida typically lack centrioles and have mitochondria with flat cristae. They usually have a cell wall that contains cellulose, and food is stored in the form of starch. However, these characteristics are ...
Green algae have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll a and b, giving them a bright green colour, as well as the accessory pigments beta carotene (red-orange) and xanthophylls (yellow) in stacked thylakoids. [12] [13] The cell walls of green algae usually contain cellulose, and they store carbohydrate in the form of starch. [14]
The chloroplasts of red algae have chlorophylls a and c (often), and phycobilins, while those of green algae have chloroplasts with chlorophyll a and b without phycobilins. Land plants are pigmented similarly to green algae and probably developed from them, thus the Chlorophyta is a sister taxon to the plants; sometimes the Chlorophyta, the ...
In red light, this is replaced by blue colored phycocyanin, which absorbs red light better. This reversible process is known as complementary chromatic adaptation. It is the component of photosynthetic system of cyanobacteria, as a particle with which various structures are linked (i.e. thylakoid membrane, etc.). [citation needed]
Algae constitute a polyphyletic group since they do not include a common ancestor, and although their chlorophyll-bearing plastids seem to have a single origin (from symbiogenesis with cyanobacteria), they were acquired in different ways. Green algae are a prominent examples of algae that have primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiont ...