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A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses a piezoelectric crystal as a frequency-selective element. [1] [2] [3] The oscillator frequency is often used to keep track of time, as in quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers.
Crystal oscillators can be manufactured for oscillation over a wide range of frequencies, from a few kilohertz up to several hundred megahertz.Many applications call for a crystal oscillator frequency conveniently related to some other desired frequency, so hundreds of standard crystal frequencies are made in large quantities and stocked by electronics distributors.
An OCXO inside an HP digital frequency counter Miniature crystal oven used to stabilize the frequency of a vacuum-tube mobile radio transmitter. A crystal oven is a temperature-controlled chamber used to maintain the quartz crystal in electronic crystal oscillators at a constant temperature, in order to prevent changes in the frequency due to variations in ambient temperature.
Simple relaxation oscillator made by feeding back an inverting Schmitt trigger's output voltage through a RC network to its input.. An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating or alternating current (AC) signal, usually a sine wave, square wave or a triangle wave, [1] [2] [3] powered by a direct current (DC) source.
The Butler oscillator is a crystal-controlled oscillator that uses the crystal near its series resonance point. They are used where a simple low-cost circuit is needed which can oscillate at high frquencies (>50MHz [ 1 ] ) by using overtones of a crystal, and also giving low phase noise .
A voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO) is used for fine adjustment of the operating frequency. The frequency of a voltage-controlled crystal oscillator can be varied a few tens of parts per million (ppm) over a control voltage range of typically 0 to 3 volts, because the high Q factor of the crystals allows frequency control over only a ...
A basic Direct Digital Synthesizer consists of a frequency reference (often a crystal or SAW oscillator), a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) and a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) [5] as shown in Figure 1. The reference oscillator provides a stable time base for the system and determines the frequency accuracy of the DDS.
Most RTCs use a crystal oscillator, [7] [8] but some have the option of using the power line frequency. [9] The crystal frequency is usually 32.768 kHz, [7] the same frequency used in quartz clocks and watches. Being exactly 2 15 cycles per second, it is a convenient rate to use with simple binary counter circuits.
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