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The term magic number or magic constant refers to the anti-pattern of using numbers directly in source code. This has been referred to as breaking one of the oldest rules of programming, dating back to the COBOL , FORTRAN and PL/1 manuals of the 1960s. [ 1 ]
As with ideal observer decoding, a convention must be agreed to for non-unique decoding. The maximum likelihood decoding problem can also be modeled as an integer programming problem. [1] The maximum likelihood decoding algorithm is an instance of the "marginalize a product function" problem which is solved by applying the generalized ...
Regular languages are a category of languages (sometimes termed Chomsky Type 3) which can be matched by a state machine (more specifically, by a deterministic finite automaton or a nondeterministic finite automaton) constructed from a regular expression. In particular, a regular language can match constructs like "A follows B", "Either A or B ...
In computer science, an expression is a syntactic entity in a programming language that may be evaluated to determine its value. [1] It is a combination of one or more constants , variables , functions , and operators that the programming language interprets (according to its particular rules of precedence and of association ) and computes to ...
To decode a message, You apply the same substitution rules, but this time on the ROT13 encrypted text. (Any other character, for example numbers, symbols, punctuation or whitespace, are left unchanged.) Because there are 26 letters in the Latin alphabet and 26 = 2 × 13, the ROT13 function is its own inverse: [2]
The basic idea of majority logic decoding is to build several checksums for each received code word element. Since each of the different checksums must all have the same value (i.e. the value of the message word element weight), we can use a majority logic decoding to decipher the value of the message word element.
The next step is to encode this ternary number using a fixed-point binary number of sufficient precision to recover it, such as 0.0010110001 2 – this is only 10 bits; 2 bits are saved in comparison with naïve block encoding. This is feasible for long sequences because there are efficient, in-place algorithms for converting the base of ...
For example, to add 3 and 4 together, the expression is 3 4 + rather than 3 + 4. The conventional notation expression 3 − 4 + 5 becomes 3 4 − 5 + in reverse Polish notation: 4 is first subtracted from 3, then 5 is added to it. The concept of a stack, a last-in/first-out construct, is integral to the left-to-right evaluation of RPN.