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The Kipchak–Cuman confederation spoke a Turkic language (Kipchak languages, Cuman language) [26] whose most important surviving record is the Codex Cumanicus, a late 13th-century dictionary of words in Kipchak, Cuman, and Latin.
The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 30 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Ukraine to China.
Cuman or Kuman (also called Kipchak, Qypchaq or Polovtsian, self referred to as Tatar (tatar til) in Codex Cumanicus) [4] was a West Kipchak Turkic language spoken by the Cumans (Polovtsy, Folban, Vallany, Kun) and Kipchaks; the language was similar to today's various languages of the West Kipchak branch.
Kipchak may refer to: Kipchaks, a medieval Turkic people; Kipchak languages, a Turkic language group; Kipchak language, an extinct Turkic language of the Kipchak group; Kipchak Khanate or Golden Horde; Kipchak Mosque, a mosque in the village of Gypjak; Kipchak (village) Kipchak (Aimaq tribe), a tribe of Kyrgyz origin in Afghanistan; Desht-i Kipchak
The Cumans' language was a form of Kipchak Turkic and was, until the 14th century, a lingua franca over much of the Eurasian steppes. [141] [142] A number of Cuman–Kipchak–Arabic grammar glossaries appeared in Mamluk lands in the 14th and 15th centuries. It is supposed that the Cumans had their own writing system (mentioned by the historian ...
The codex was created in Crimea in 14th century and is considered one of the oldest attestations of the Crimean Tatar language, which is of great importance for the history of Kipchak and Oghuz dialects — as directly related to the Kipchaks (Polovtsy, Kumans) of the Black Sea steppes and particularly the Crimean peninsula. [1]
Kumyks speak the Kumyk language, which is a part of the Kipchak-Cuman subfamily of the Kipchak family of the Turkic languages. It is a direct descendant of the Khazar languages and in addition contains words from the Bulghar and Oghuz substratum .
It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or the Ulus of Jochi, [a] and replaced the earlier, less organized Cuman–Kipchak confederation. [ 9 ] After the death of Batu Khan (the founder of the Blue Horde ) in 1255, his dynasty flourished for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai instigated a partial civil war in the late 1290s.