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Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a disease caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria, also called Salmonella Typhi. [2] [3] Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. [4] [5] Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days. [4]
It can present as a typhoid-like illness, as a severe gastroenteritis or with features of both. Herpes labialis, rare in true typhoid fever, is frequently seen in paratyphoid B. Rarely a subdural empyema can occur. [11] Diagnosis is with isolation of the agent in blood or stool and demonstration of antibodies antiBH in the Widal test.
Typhoid fever is an example of continuous fever and it shows a characteristic step-ladder pattern, a step-wise increase in temperature with a high plateau. [ 1 ] Examples
The American Public Health Association recommends treatment based upon clinical findings and before culturing confirms the diagnosis. [18] Without treatment, death may occur in 10% to 60% of people with epidemic typhus, with people over age 50 having the highest risk of death. [19] In the antibiotic era, death is uncommon if doxycycline is given.
Salmonellosis is a symptomatic infection caused by bacteria of the Salmonella type. [1] It is the most common disease to be known as food poisoning (though the name refers to food-borne illness in general), these are defined as diseases, usually either infectious or toxic in nature, caused by agents that enter the body through the ingestion of food.
Hepatitis A, adults > 50 years old Viral Unvaccinated ≈1.8% [17]: 278 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Viral Unvaccinated & Treated with unspecific treatments: 0.5-2% Depends largely on the age group of the person, earlier strains of COVID-19 had higher CFR of around 2%. [53] [54] [55] Lassa fever: Viral Treated ≈1%
In 2000, typhoid fever caused an estimated 21.7 million illnesses and 217,000 deaths. [1] It occurs most often in children and young adults between 5 and 19 years old. [2] In 2013, it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990. [3]
Performance of the various types of fever a) Fever continues b) Fever continues to abrupt onset and remission c) Remittent fever d) Intermittent fever