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Sizing (size reduction, milling, crushing, grinding, pulverization) is an important step in the process of tablet manufacturing. In manufacturing of compressed tablets, the mixing or blending of several solid pharmaceutical ingredients is easier and more uniform if the ingredients are about the same size. This provides a greater uniformity of dose.
Dosage forms vary depending on the method/route of administration, which can include many types of liquid, solid, and semisolid forms. Common dosage forms include tablets, capsules, drinks, and syrups, among others. A combination drug (or fixed-dose combination; FDC) is a product that contains more than one active ingredient (e.g., one tablet ...
The drug is stored in liquid or if unstable, lyophilized form. Many parenteral formulations are unstable at higher temperatures and require storage at refrigerated or sometimes frozen conditions. The logistics process of delivering these drugs to the patient is called the cold chain .
Tablets are often imprinted with symbols, letters, and numbers, which allow them to be identified, or a groove to allow splitting by hand. Sizes of tablets to be swallowed range from a few millimetres to about a centimetre. The compressed tablet is the most commonly seen dosage form in use today.
Further, metformin comes in the form of immediate-release tablets, extended-release tablets, and as a liquid. Each type of metformin has different requirements in terms of when and how to take it:
Many oral forms of medications can be crushed and suspended in water to be given via a rectal catheter. The rectal route of administration is useful for patients with any digestive tract motility problem, such as dysphagia, ileus, or bowel obstruction, that would interfere with the progression of the medication through the tract.
An orally disintegrating tablet or orally dissolving tablet (ODT) is a drug dosage form available for a limited range of over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications. ODTs differ from traditional tablets in that they are designed to be dissolved on the tongue rather than swallowed whole.
Extreme bioavailability differences of up to 4-fold have been reported comparing effervescent tablets with ordinary tablets, highlighting the need for extra bioequivalence studies when switching dosage forms. [14] It is dangerous to swallow an effervescent tablet directly, as the tablet can get stuck in the subglottis and fizzle there.