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On some systems, like MPE/iX, the lowest available PID is used, sometimes in an effort to minimize the number of process information kernel pages in memory. The current process ID is provided by a getpid() system call, [8] or as a variable $$ in shell. The process ID of a parent process is obtainable by a getppid() system call. [9]
pstree is a Linux command that shows the running processes as a tree [1] [2] [3]. It is used as a more visual alternative to the ps command. The root of the tree is either init or the process with the given pid. It can also be installed in other Unix systems. In BSD systems, a similar output is created using ps -d, in Linux ps axjf [4] produces ...
Shell programming Mandatory Suspend execution for an interval Version 4 AT&T UNIX sort: Text processing Mandatory Sort, merge, or sequence check text files Version 1 AT&T UNIX split: Misc Mandatory Split files into pieces Version 3 AT&T UNIX strings: C programming Mandatory Find printable strings in files 2BSD strip: C programming Optional (SD)
The argv value is an array of pointers to arguments. arg0. The first argument arg0 should be the name of the executable file. Usually it is the same value as the path argument. Some programs may incorrectly rely on this argument providing the location of the executable, but there is no guarantee of this nor is it standardized across platforms.
The example ~/.bash_profile below is compatible with the Bourne shell and gives semantics similar to csh for the ~/.bashrc and ~/.bash_login. The [ -r filename ] && cmd is a short-circuit evaluation that tests if filename exists and is readable, skipping the part after the && if it is not.
The term "namespace" is often used to denote a specific type of namespace (e.g., process ID) as well as for a particular space of names. [1] A Linux system begins with a single namespace of each type, used by all processes. Processes can create additional namespaces and can also join different namespaces.
There are many variants of Unix shell: Bourne shell sh. Almquist shell (ash) Debian Almquist shell (dash) Bash (Unix shell) bash; KornShell ksh. Z shell zsh; C shell csh. TENEX C shell tcsh; Ch shell ch; Emacs shell eshell; Friendly interactive shell fish; PowerShell pwsh; rc shell rc, a shell for Plan 9 from Bell Labs and Unix; Stand-alone ...
Also show PID and to which program each socket belongs, e adds extra info like the user. Run as root to see all PIDs. netstat -s: Shows network statistics. netstat -r: Shows kernel routing information. This is the same output as route -e. netstat -i: Displays a table of all network interfaces. Add -e to get output similar to ifconfig. netstat -ct