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The first Australian mining laws were enacted in 1851. [1] Before that, ownership of minerals and petroleum passed to those who were granted title to land by the colonial governors according to common law concepts, except the right to "Royal Mines" (the precious metals of gold and silver) which remained vested in the Crown by virtue of Royal prerogative.
Previously, the mining licence cost eight pounds a year. In Ballarat as at 1978 some houses were still held with the tenure associated with a miner's right. [1] Other Australian colonies and New Zealand soon replaced the licensing system with Miner's Rights also. Miner's Rights are still sold in Victoria.
Mining in Australia has long been a significant primary sector industry and contributor to the Australian economy by providing export income, royalty payments and employment. Historically, mining booms have also encouraged population growth via immigration to Australia , particularly the gold rushes of the 1850s.
The miner's licence was the colonial government's response to the need to provide infrastructure including policing during the Australian gold rushes. [clarification needed] The first Australian mining laws were enacted in 1851.
Integra Mining Limited: Kalgoorlie: Goldfields-Esperance: 54,766 (2010–11) Sandstone Gold Mine: Troy Resources NL: Sandstone: Mid West 29,885 (2009–10) South Kalgoorlie Gold Mine: Avoca Resources Limited Kalgoorlie: Goldfields-Esperance: 34,766 (2008–09) St Ives Gold Mine: Gold Fields Kambalda: Goldfields-Esperance: 428,300 (2008–09)
Its focus is the resources sector, maintaining a mining and petroleum regulatory role and incorporating the resources safety responsibilities from the former Department of Consumer and Employment Protection. It also oversees the Geological Survey of Western Australia. [3]
The Minerals Resource Rent Tax (MRRT) was a resource rent tax formerly imposed by the government of Australia on profits generated from the mining of non-renewable resources in Australia. [1] It was a replacement for the proposed Resource Super Profit Tax ( RSPT ).
Through its Mining Ombudsman process, Oxfam Australia works to defend against human rights abuses and environmental destruction by Mining companies. Oxfam Australia supports Publish What You Pay a campaign that lobbies mining companies to disclose monies paid to foreign governments in order to secure mining rights.