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Intrinsic stimuli are specific actions or activities performed by the person that result in a reflex seizure. Intrinsic stimuli can be divided into two categories, either elementary or elaborate. [ 2 ] [ 7 ] Elementary intrinsic stimuli are usually simple motor movements while elaborate intrinsic stimuli can include emotions, thoughts ...
Cannabidiol has recently been emerging as an effective treatment for epilepsy without the psychoactive effects of the Cannabis Sativa plant it is derived from. It gained approval in 2019 for treatment of DRE associated with Dravet, LGS, and more recently seizures associated with Tuberous Sclerosis in patients over the age of 2 years old. The ...
It has been used in convulsive therapy, and was found to be effective—primarily for depression—but side effects such as uncontrolled seizures were difficult to avoid. [1] In 1939, pentylenetetrazol was replaced by electroconvulsive therapy , which is easier to administer, as the preferred method for inducing seizures in England's mental ...
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a medical treatment that involves delivering electrical impulses to the vagus nerve. It is used as an add-on treatment for certain types of intractable epilepsy , cluster headaches, treatment-resistant depression and stroke rehabilitation.
Those with reflex epilepsy have seizures that are only triggered by specific stimuli. [36] Common triggers include flashing lights and sudden noises. [ 35 ] In certain types of epilepsy, seizures happen more often during sleep , [ 37 ] and in other types they occur almost only when sleeping. [ 38 ]
Medications are used to reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, by either directly or indirectly increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine, benztropine, diphenhydramine, and trihexyphenidyl.
The newer drugs tend to have fewer side effects. [42] For newly diagnosed partial or mixed seizures, there is evidence for using gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine or topiramate as monotherapy. [42] Lamotrigine can be included in the options for children with newly diagnosed absence seizures. [42]
Automatism is a set of brief unconscious or automatic behaviors, [1] typically at least several seconds or minutes, while the subject is unaware of actions. This type of automatic behavior often occurs in certain types of epilepsy, such as complex partial seizures in those with temporal lobe epilepsy, [2] or as a side effect of particular medications such as zolpidem.
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