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2. Pain ladder - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_ladder

   "Pain ladder", or analgesic ladder, was created by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a guideline for the use of drugs in the management of pain. Originally published in 1986 for the management of cancer pain , it is now widely used by medical professionals for the management of all types of pain .

3. American Board of Pain Medicine - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Board_of_Pain...

   The following is a list of goals: [2] Evaluate candidates who voluntarily appear for examination, and certify or recertify as "Diplomates in Pain Medicine" those who are qualified; Maintain and improve the quality of graduate medical education in the field of pain medicine by collaborating with related organizations

4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive...

   Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production and/or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...

5. Obstructive lung disease - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease

   The most common cause of COPD is cigarette smoking. COPD is a gradually progressive condition and usually only develops after about 20 pack-years of smoking. COPD may also be caused by breathing in other particles and gases. [citation needed] The diagnosis of COPD is established through spirometry although other pulmonary function tests can be ...

6. Pain management - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_management

   Undertreatment of pain is the absence of pain management therapy for a person in pain when treatment is indicated. Consensus in evidence-based medicine and the recommendations of medical specialty organizations establish guidelines to determine the treatment for pain which health care providers ought to offer. [ 91 ]

7. Patient-controlled analgesia - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient-controlled_analgesia

   "A comparison of morphine administered by patient-controlled analgesia and regularly scheduled intramuscular injection in severe, postoperative pain". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 3 (1): 15–22. doi: 10.1016/0885-3924(88)90133-9. PMID 3351344. Sechzer PH (1971). "Studies in pain with the analgesic-demand system". Anesthesia and ...