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The Maddox rod test is a subjective method to measure horizontal and vertical deviations of the eyes, using a red line and a white light. The double Maddox rod test can also assess torsion and cyclotropias, by comparing the angles of two red lines.
A fixation disparity is not constant within a certain observer, but can vary depending on the viewing conditions. If test prisms with increasing amount are placed in front of the observer’s eyes, the fixation disparity changes in the eso direction with base-in prisms and in the exo direction with base-out prisms (Fig. 3).
Exophoria is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward, usually mild and with fusion possible. It can be caused by refractive errors, divergence excess, or convergence insufficiency, and is common in infancy and childhood.
A prism is a polyhedron with two congruent polygonal bases and parallelogram sides. Learn about oblique, right, regular, uniform and other types of prisms, their volume, surface area, symmetry and related polytopes.
Learn about the different types of optical prisms, such as dispersive, reflective, beam-splitting and polarizing prisms, and how they refract, reflect or split light. Find out how prisms are made of transparent materials like glass, acrylic or fluorite, and how they can create spectra, images or polarizations.
Micropsia is a condition of visual perception in which objects appear smaller than they are. It can be caused by optical, retinal, brain or psychological factors, and can be diagnosed by various tests and imaging techniques.
A camera lucida is an optical device that projects an image of the scene onto the drawing surface, aiding the artist in perspective and accuracy. Learn about its history, design, uses in microscopy and palaeontology, and controversies over its role in art history.
Learn about the American artist Georgia O'Keeffe, who painted close-up, large-scale flowers from the 1920s to the 1950s. See examples of her Red Canna paintings and how she influenced modernist photography and feminist art.