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Three former sovereign states had a female head of state or government in the 20th century: East Germany, Tannu Tuva and Yugoslavia. The following is a list of women who have been elected or appointed head of state or government of their respective countries since the interwar period (1918–1939).
This is a list of sovereign states in the 1960s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1960 and 31 December 1969. It contains 165 entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty .
In many countries, the military was perceived as being the only group that could effectively maintain order, and it ruled many nations in Africa during the 1970s and early 1980s. During the period from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, Africa had more than 70 coups and 13 presidential assassinations.
July 1, 1960 Italy Somalia: July 31, 1960 France: Dahomey: Renamed to Benin in 1975. August 5, 1960 France: Upper Volta: Renamed to Burkina Faso in 1984. August 7, 1960 France Ivory Coast: August 8, 1960 France Niger: August 11, 1960 France Chad: August 13, 1960 France Central African Republic: Central African Empire from 1976-1979. August 15, 1960
Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Ceylon, now Sri Lanka (1960–1965): The first elected female prime minister (head of government) of a sovereign country. She served again 1970–77 and 1994–2000; in total she served for 17 years. Indira Gandhi, India (1966–1977): The first female prime minister of a present-day G20 country. She served again 1980–1984.
Bottom right: Margrethe II was Queen of Denmark for 52 years, from 1972 until her abdication in 2024; she is the most recent female monarch of a sovereign state. This is a list of current and former female monarchs regardless of title, including queens regnant , empresses regnant, pharaohs and monarchs by other titles (grand duchess, princess ...
Three former sovereign states (East Germany, Tannu Tuva, and Yugoslavia) have also had a female Head of State or Head of Government. Women have been notably in fewer numbers in the executive branch of government. The gender gap has been closing, however, albeit slowly, and they are still underrepresented. [6]
In Europe, the women's liberation movement started in the late 1960s and continued through the 1980s. Inspired by events in North America and triggered by the growing presence of women in the labor market, the movement soon gained momentum in Britain and the Scandinavian countries. [ 64 ]