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Protraction and retraction is an anterior (protraction) or posterior (retraction) movement, [44] such as of the arm at the shoulders, although these terms have been criticised as non-specific. [45] Reciprocal motion is alternating motions in opposing directions. [46] Reposition is restoring an object to its natural condition. [47]
The major muscles involved in retraction include the rhomboid major muscle, rhomboid minor muscle and trapezius muscle, [2] [3] whereas the major muscles involved in protraction include the serratus anterior and pectoralis minor muscles. [4] [5]
As a result, protraction and retraction forces are transmitted primarily to the symphysis via the lateral and ventral bars. During protraction, the entire upper jaw is raised and the tip of the jaw is bent up. Additionally, in retraction, the tip bends down with respect to the rest of the upper jaw. [15] Rhynchokinesis (see below)
The shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle is the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side. In humans, it consists of the clavicle and scapula; in those species with three bones in the shoulder, it consists of the clavicle, scapula, and coracoid.
The sternoclavicular joint allows movement of the clavicle in three planes, predominantly in the anteroposterior and vertical planes, although some rotation also occurs. A description of movement would be elevation and depression.
Shoulder anatomy, front view Shoulder anatomy, back view. The rotator cuff is an anatomical term given to the group of four muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. [3] These muscles are the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis and that hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity during ...
Gross anatomy (also called macroscopic anatomy, topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by the naked eye. [1] Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes , which includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues ...
Their main functions are altering the tongue's position allowing for protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. [6] The genioglossus arises from the mandible and protrudes the tongue. It is also known as the tongue's "safety muscle" since it is the only muscle that propels the tongue forward.