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Methylxanthines, including theophylline, aminophylline and dyphylline, are a class of drugs that can achieve bronchodilation and reduce bronchospasm for symptomatic control of asthma. [ 7 ] Methylxanthines act as a competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterase , inhibiting phosphodiesterase degradation action of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine ...
Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase and blocks adenosine receptors. [1] It is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. [2] Its pharmacology is similar to other methylxanthine drugs (e.g., theobromine and caffeine). [1]
Because it has no effect on asthma symptoms when used alone, it is most often paired with a short-acting β 2-adrenergic agonist. While it is considered a relief or rescue medication, it can take a full hour to begin working. For this reason, it plays a secondary role in acute asthma treatment. Dry throat is the most common side effect.
Overuse of β 2 agonists and asthma treatment without proper inhaled corticosteroid use has been associated with an increased risk of asthma exacerbations and asthma-related hospitalizations. [8] The excipients, in particular sulfite , could contribute to the adverse effects.
Treatment for exercise-induced asthma is similar to other forms of the condition; the main difference is that you will take your medication before exercising as a preventive measure.
7-Methylxanthine (7-MX), also known as heteroxanthine, is an active metabolite of caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is a non-selective antagonist of the adenosine receptors .
Doxofylline (also known as doxophylline) is a phosphodiesterase inhibiting bronchodilator used in the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma [1] and COPD. [2] Like theophylline, it is a xanthine derivative. [3] [4]
IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine), like other methylxanthine derivatives, is both a: competitive non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor [1] which raises intracellular cAMP, activates PKA, inhibits TNFα [2] [3] and leukotriene [4] synthesis, and reduces inflammation and innate immunity, [4] and; nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. [5]
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