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Borage seed oil is derived from the seeds of the plant, Borago officinalis (borage). [1] Borage seed oil has one of the highest amounts of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) of seed oils — higher than blackcurrant seed oil or evening primrose oil, to which it is considered similar. GLA is typically composed of about 24% of the oil.
Oenothera biennis, the common evening-primrose, [3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae, native to eastern and central North America, from Newfoundland west to Alberta, southeast to Florida, and southwest to Texas, and widely naturalized elsewhere in temperate and subtropical regions. [4]
Consuming evening primrose oil may cause headache or stomach upset, may increase the risk of complications during pregnancy, and may increase the risk of bleeding in people given prescription drugs as anticoagulants, such as warfarin. [30]
The seed oil of Oenothera biennis (evening primrose) is a source of GLA. From GLA, the body forms dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA). This is one of the body's three sources of eicosanoids (along with AA and EPA .)
Oenothera flava, the yellow evening primrose (a name it shares with Oenothera serrulata), is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae. [2] It is native to western Canada (except British Columbia), the western and central United States, and Mexico (except southeastern Mexico), and it has been introduced to the former Czechoslovakia. [1]
Borage seed oil, blackcurrant seed oil, and evening primrose oil all have a significant amount of gamma-Linolenic acid (GLA) (about 23%, 15–20% and 7–10%, respectively), and it is this that has drawn the interest of researchers. Açaí oil, from the fruit of several species of the Açaí palm (Euterpe) grown in the Amazon region. [54] [55]
Oenothera triloba, with common names stemless evening primrose and sessile evening primrose [1] is a flowering plant in the primrose family. It is native to North America, where it is primarily found in northern Mexico and in the south-central United States. [2] It is found in dry, open areas such as glades, prairies, and sometimes even lawns.
Oenothera elata is a species of Oenothera known by the common name Hooker's evening primrose or tall evening primrose. Subspecies include hookeri, hirsutissima, longisima, jamesii, villosa and elata. [1] It is native to much of western and central North America.