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Proto-globalization was a period of reconciling the governments and traditional systems of individual nations, world regions, and religions with the "new world order" of global trade, imperialism and political alliances, what historian A. G. Hopkins called "the product of the contemporary world and the product of distant past." [1]
The concept of "proto-globalization" was first introduced by historians A. G. Hopkins and Christopher Bayly. The term describes the phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange that characterized the period immediately preceding the advent of high "modern globalization" in the late 19th century. [45]
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The same phenomenon was discussed by Eric Jones, whose 1981 book The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia popularized the alternate term "European Miracle". [14] Broadly, both terms signify a socioeconomic shift in which European countries advanced ahead of others during the modern period. [15]
The 13th-century world-system, as described by Janet Abu-Lughod. Archaic globalization is a phase in the history of globalization, and conventionally refers to globalizing events and developments from the time of the earliest civilizations until roughly 1600 (the following period is known as early modern globalization).
The term can also refer to a period in which fragmentary or external historical documents, not necessarily including a developed writing system, have been found. For instance, the Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea , the Yayoi , [ 1 ] recorded by the Chinese , and the Mississippian groups, recorded by early European explorers, are protohistoric.
The "Baroque" is a term usually applied to the history of art, architecture and music during this period. Thirty Years' War 1618–1648 in Central Europe decimated the population by up to 20%. The treaties of the Peace of Westphalia are signed in 1648, which ended several wars in Europe and established the beginning of sovereign states.
Proto-industrialization is the regional development, alongside commercial agriculture, of rural handicraft production for external markets. [1] Cottage industries in parts of Europe between the 16th and 19th centuries had long been a niche topic of study.