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Leaking of bid information, which requires a relationship of some degree between the project and a bidder as the bidder is handed information to gain an unfair advantage. [4] Bid manipulation is another method for officials to choose the bidder of their choice but occurs after receipt of bids. The methods for this would include either changing ...
This is a list of bidding systems used in contract bridge. [1] [2] Systems listed have either had an historical impact on the development of bidding in the game or have been or are currently being used at the national or international levels of competition. Bidding systems are characterized as belonging to one of two broadly defined categories:
A shill may also act to discredit opponents or critics of the person or organization in which they have a vested interest. [1] [2] In most uses, shill refers to someone who purposely gives onlookers, participants or "marks" the impression of an enthusiastic customer independent of the seller, marketer or con artist, for whom they are secretly ...
In Britain and many other countries, rings and other forms of bidding on one's own object are illegal. In Australia, a dummy bid or also a shill is a criminal offence, but a vendor bid or a co-owner bid below the reserve price is permitted if clearly declared as such by the auctioneer. These are all official legal terms in Australia but may ...
Bidding systems can be classified into two broad categories: natural systems and artificial systems. In natural systems, most bids (especially in the early phase of the bidding) denote length in the suit bid. In artificial systems, the bids are more highly codified, so that for example a bid of 1 ♣ may not be related to a holding in the club ...
After an overcall by RHO, assuming that the bidding has not gone past 1NT, the convention is still on (for example after 1 ♦ - (pass) - 1 ♥ - (1 ♠) - X where X is a Support Double). The XYZ sequence that starts with 2C after 1-1-1 usually begins an invitational sequence.
In mergers and acquisitions, a mandatory offer, also called a mandatory bid in some jurisdictions, is an offer made by one company (the "acquiring company" or "bidder") to purchase some or all outstanding shares of another company (the "target"), as required by securities laws and regulations or stock exchange rules governing corporate takeovers.
Auction sniping (also called bid sniping) is the practice, in a timed online auction, of placing a bid likely to exceed the current highest bid (which may be hidden) as late as possible—usually seconds before the end of the auction—giving other bidders no time to outbid the sniper.