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Lignite (derived from Latin lignum meaning 'wood'), often referred to as brown coal, [1] is a soft, brown, combustible sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat.It has a carbon content around 25–35% [1] [2] and is considered the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat content.
The Toppila Power Station, a peat-fired facility in Oulu, Finland. The climate, geography and environment of Finland favours bog and peat bog formation. Thus, peat is available in considerable quantities. It is burned to produce heat and electricity. Peat provides around 4% of Finland's annual energy production. [91]
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Peat plant in Finland Stora Enso pulp and paper mill in Oulu has capacity of 884 GWh peat fuel energy. Finland is one of the last countries in the world still burning peat. [1] Peat has high global warming emissions and environmental concerns. It can be compared to brown coal (lignite) or even worse than this lowest rank of coal.
The goals of peatland restoration in hydrological terms are primarily to improve the quality and regulate the quantity of water. A peatland as an intact ecosystem is a natural water purifier, it filters and stores organic substances, metals or other toxic matter and retains nutrients. [8]
Between four and six peat trains work on each system, the trains almost always travelling in pairs as they do at the power stations. Bord na Móna also operates several smaller bog railways delivering the peat to tipplers for transfer by road to factories and power stations.
Humic acid isolated from peat Fulvic acid isolated from peat. Humic substances (HS) are colored relatively recalcitrant organic compounds naturally formed during long-term decomposition and transformation of biomass residues. The color of humic substances varies from bright yellow to light or dark brown leading to black.
Tollund Man, Denmark, 4th century BC Gallagh Man, Ireland, c. 470–120 BC. A bog body is a human cadaver that has been naturally mummified in a peat bog.Such bodies, sometimes known as bog people, are both geographically and chronologically widespread, having been dated to between 8000 BC and the Second World War. [1]