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The hyoid bone and larynx in a modern human. It is not known whether Neanderthals were anatomically capable of speech and whether they spoke. [9] The only bone in the vocal tract is the hyoid, but it is so fragile that no Neanderthal hyoid was found until 1983, when excavators discovered a well-preserved one on Neanderthal Kebara 2, Israel.
In February 2019, scientists reported evidence, based on isotope studies, that at least some Neanderthals may have eaten meat. [21] [22] [23] Nonetheless, instead of diet dominated by meat eating, the genetic and microbiological evidence from dental calculus implies reliance on mushrooms, pine nuts and a species of moss.
Neanderthals also consumed a variety of plants and mushrooms across their range. [218] [219] They possibly employed a wide range of cooking techniques, such as roasting, [220] smoking, [221] and curing. [222] Neanderthals competed with several large carnivores, but also seem to have hunted them down, namely cave lions, wolves, and cave bears. [32]
What did Neanderthals eat? Were they carnivorous, or did they also chow down on vegetables and mushrooms?
Those first modern humans that had interbred with Neanderthals and lived alongside them died out completely in Europe 40,000 years ago - but not before their offspring had spread further out into ...
In 1958, Richard Mackarness authored Eat Fat and Grow Slim, which proposed a low-carbohydrate "Stone Age" diet. [ 17 ] In his 1975 book The Stone Age Diet , gastroenterologist Walter L. Voegtlin advocated a meat-based diet, with low proportions of vegetables and starchy foods, based on his declaration that humans were "exclusively flesh-eaters ...
Eating raw meat regularly can increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies. A 2011 study from Cambridge University found that 60% of dogs on a diet of bones and raw food had nutritional imbalances .
These "dogs" had a wide size range, from over 60 cm (2 ft) in height in eastern Europe to less than 30–45 cm (1 ft–1 ft 6 in) in central and western Europe, [103] and 32–41 kg (71–90 lb) in all of Europe. These "dogs" are identified by having a shorter snout and skull, and wider palate and braincase than contemporary wolves.