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Since hemagglutinin is the major surface protein of the influenza A virus and is essential to the entry process, it is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. [citation needed] These antibodies against flu have been found to act by two different mechanisms, mirroring the dual functions of hemagglutinin:
HA codes for hemagglutinin, which is an antigenic glycoprotein found on the surface of the influenza viruses and is responsible for binding the virus to the cell that is being infected. Hemagglutinin forms spikes at the surface of flu viruses that function to attach viruses to cells. This attachment is required for efficient transfer of flu ...
To infect a host cell, the influenza virus attaches to the exterior cell surface using hemagglutinin, a molecule found on the surface of the virus that binds to sialic acid groups. Sialic acids are found on various glycoproteins at the host cell surface. The virus then moves from sialic acid group to sialic acid group until it finds the proper ...
Two viral proteins; hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are inserted into the envelope and are exposed as spikes on the surface of the virion. Both proteins are antigenic; a host's immune system can react to them and produce antibodies in response. The M2 protein forms an ion channel in the envelope and is responsible for uncoating the ...
Future flu pandemics, which may be caused by an influenza virus of avian origin, [35] are viewed as almost inevitable, and increased globalization has made it easier for a pandemic virus to spread, [34] so there are continual efforts to prepare for future pandemics [76] and improve the prevention and treatment of influenza.
Adults 65 years of age and older can have a weaker immune response to flu vaccines, making them more likely to get sick with the flu or get flu complications even when vaccinated, according to the ...
Influenza A viruses are further classified, based on the viral surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA or H) and neuraminidase (NA or N). 18 HA subtypes (or serotypes) and 11 NA subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated in nature. Among these, the HA subtype 1-16 and NA subtype 1-9 are found in wild waterfowl and shorebirds and the HA ...
In the U.S., about two in five adults (41.7%) and two in five children (42%) had gotten their seasonal flu vaccine as of the week ended Dec. 14, according to the CDC, whose Healthy People ...