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Deaths from single-drug benzodiazepine overdoses occur infrequently, [3] particularly after the point of hospital admission. [4] However, combinations of high doses of benzodiazepines with alcohol, barbiturates, opioids or tricyclic antidepressants are particularly dangerous, and may lead to severe complications such as coma or death.
A study in 2000 found that long-term benzodiazepine therapy does not result in brain abnormalities. [75] Withdrawal from high-dose use of nitrazepam anecdotally was alleged in 2001 to have caused severe shock of the whole brain with diffuse slow activity on EEG in one patient after 25 years of use. After withdrawal, abnormalities in hypofrontal ...
Clonazolam's effects are similar to other benzodiazepines, such as anxiolysis, disinhibition, lethargy, muscle relaxation, and euphoria. [2] [8] While no dose of clonazolam is considered "safe" due to its lack of research and extreme potency, doses higher than 0.5 mg can cause benzodiazepine overdose in some individuals.
High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation. [4] These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, panic disorder, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures. [5]
Nordazepam is among the longest lasting (longest half-life) benzodiazepines, and its occurrence as a metabolite is responsible for most cumulative side-effects of its myriad of pro-drugs when they are used repeatedly at moderate-high doses; the nordazepam metabolite oxazepam is also active (and is a more potent, full BZD-site agonist), which ...
Finally, note that the benzodiazepine core is a privileged scaffold, which has been used to derive drugs with diverse activity that is not limited to the GABA A modulatory action of the classical benzodiazepines, [60] such as devazepide and tifluadom, however these have not been included in the list below. 2,3-benzodiazepines such as tofisopam ...
Quazepam has fewer side effects than other benzodiazepines and less potential to induce tolerance and rebound effects. [14] [15] There is significantly less potential for quazepam to induce respiratory depression or to adversely affect motor coordination than other benzodiazepines. [16]
In animal studies it was found to have low toxicity, although in rats evidence of pulmonary phospholipidosis occurred with pulmonary foam cells developing with long-term use of very high doses. [7] Its elimination half-life is 51–103 hours. [8] Its mechanism of action is similar to other benzodiazepines.