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In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.According to the theorem, the power (+) expands into a polynomial with terms of the form , where the exponents and are nonnegative integers satisfying + = and the coefficient of each term is a specific positive integer ...
The binomial approximation for the square root, + + /, can be applied for the following expression, + where and are real but .. The mathematical form for the binomial approximation can be recovered by factoring out the large term and recalling that a square root is the same as a power of one half.
One may show by induction that F(n) counts the number of ways that a n × 1 strip of squares may be covered by 2 × 1 and 1 × 1 tiles. On the other hand, if such a tiling uses exactly k of the 2 × 1 tiles, then it uses n − 2k of the 1 × 1 tiles, and so uses n − k tiles total.
Lucas's theorem can be generalized to give an expression for the remainder when () is divided by a prime power p k.However, the formulas become more complicated. If the modulo is the square of a prime p, the following congruence relation holds for all 0 ≤ s ≤ r ≤ p − 1, a ≥ 0, and b ≥ 0.
The expansion of the n th power uses the numbers n rows down from the top of the triangle. An application of the above formula for the square of a binomial is the "(m, n)-formula" for generating Pythagorean triples: For m < n, let a = n 2 − m 2, b = 2mn, and c = n 2 + m 2; then a 2 + b 2 = c 2.
The powers of two that divide the central binomial coefficients are given by Gould's sequence, whose nth element is the number of odd integers in row n of Pascal's triangle. Squaring the generating function gives 1 1 − 4 x = ( ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( 2 n n ) x n ) ( ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( 2 n n ) x n ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1-4x}}=\left(\sum _{n=0 ...
To compute the largest power of 2 dividing the binomial coefficient () write m = 3 and n − m = 7 in base p = 2 as 3 = 11 2 and 7 = 111 2.Carrying out the addition 11 2 + 111 2 = 1010 2 in base 2 requires three carries:
Here is an example of polynomial division as described above. Let: = +() = +P(x) will be divided by Q(x) using Ruffini's rule.The main problem is that Q(x) is not a binomial of the form x − r, but rather x + r.