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The simplest and oldest one-step method, the explicit Euler method, was published by Leonhard Euler in 1768. After a group of multi-step methods was presented in 1883, Carl Runge, Karl Heun and Wilhelm Kutta developed significant improvements to Euler's method around 1900. These gave rise to the large group of Runge-Kutta methods, which form ...
Until 2019, there were three STEPs: STEP 1, STEP 2 and STEP 3. Since the academic year 2019/20, STEP 1 has been phased out. There was no STEP 1 set in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and it was later announced that from 2021, STEP 1 would no longer be set, with only STEP 2 and STEP 3 being available. [5] The last STEP 1 was held in 2019.
For GCSE Science the old single-award ‘science’ and ‘additional science’ options are no longer available, being replaced with a double award ‘combined science’ option (graded on the scale 9–9 to 1–1 and equivalent to 2 GCSEs). Alternatively pupils can take separate qualifications in chemistry, biology and physics.
Economic methodology is the study of methods, especially the scientific method, in relation to economics, including principles underlying economic reasoning. [1] In contemporary English, 'methodology' may reference theoretical or systematic aspects of a method (or several methods).
The Chief Executive of AQA runs the organisation on a day-to-day basis, while being accountable to the AQA Council. The role was known as the Director General from its introduction in April 1998 until July 2010. [21] Kathleen Tattersall OBE, 1 April 1998 – 30 September 2003 [22] [23] Mike Cresswell CBE, 1 October 2003 – 31 March 2010 [24] [25]
Research Papers in Economics (RePEc) is a collaborative effort of hundreds of volunteers in many countries to enhance the dissemination of research in economics. The heart of the project is a decentralized database of working papers, preprints, journal articles, and software components. [1] The project started in 1997. [2]
Moroney, J. R. (1967) "Cobb-Douglass production functions and returns to scale in US manufacturing industry", Western Economic Journal, vol 6, no 1, December 1967, pp 39–51. Pearl, D. and Enos, J. (1975) "Engineering production functions and technological progress", The Journal of Industrial Economics, vol 24, September 1975, pp 55–72.
de Marchi, N. B. & Blaug, M. (1991), Appraising Economic Theories: Studies in the Methodology of Research Programs, Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, ISBN 1-85278-515-2. A series of essays and papers analysing questions about how (and whether) models and theories in economics are empirically verified and the current status of positivism in economics.