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Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.
The alignment is the route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and curves. The profile is the vertical aspect of the road, including crest and sag curves, and the straight grade lines connecting them. The cross section shows the position and number of vehicle and bicycle lanes and sidewalks, along with their cross slope or ...
Grade is usually expressed as a percentage - converted to the angle α by taking the inverse tangent of the standard mathematical slope, which is rise / run or the grade / 100. If one looks at red numbers on the chart specifying grade, one can see the quirkiness of using the grade to specify slope; the numbers go from 0 for flat, to 100% at 45 ...
See three-way junction 5-1-1 A transportation and traffic information telephone hotline in some regions of the United States and Canada that was initially designated for road weather information. A Access road See frontage road Advisory speed limit A speed recommendation by a governing body. All-way stop or four-way stop An intersection system where traffic approaching it from all directions ...
Grade-separated road junctions are typically space-intensive, complicated, and costly, due to the need for large physical structures such as tunnels, ramps, and bridges. Their height can be obtrusive, and this, combined with the large traffic volumes that grade-separated roads attract, tend to make them unpopular to nearby landowners and residents.
Provincial Highways of Khyber Pakthunkhwa consists of all public highways maintained by Khyber Pakthunkhwa.The Pakhtunkhwa Highways Authority under the Department of Transportation maintains over 3,089.65 kilometres (1,919.82 mi) of roadways organized into various classifications which criss-cross the province and provides access to major population centers.
Layers in the construction of a mortarless pavement: A.) Subgrade B.) Subbase C.) Base course D.) Paver base E.) Pavers F.) Fine-grained sand Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. In transport engineering, subgrade is the native material underneath a constructed road, [1] pavement or railway track (US: railroad
In mathematics, the term "graded" has a number of meanings, mostly related: . In abstract algebra, it refers to a family of concepts: . An algebraic structure is said to be -graded for an index set if it has a gradation or grading, i.e. a decomposition into a direct sum = of structures; the elements of are said to be "homogeneous of degree i ".