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The boost/buck capabilities of the SEPIC are possible because of capacitor C1 and inductor L2. Inductor L1 and switch S1 create a standard boost converter , which generates a voltage ( V S1 ) that is higher than V IN , whose magnitude is determined by the duty cycle of the switch S1.
A 3-port solenoid-type boost controller A 4-port solenoid-type boost controller (used for a dual-port wastegate). The purpose of a boost controller is to reduce the boost pressure seen by the wastegate's reference port, in order to trick the wastegate into allowing higher boost pressures than it was designed for.
The EMD AEM-7 is a twin-cab four-axle 7,000 hp (5.2 MW) B-B electric locomotive built by Electro-Motive Division (EMD) and ASEA between 1978 and 1988. The locomotive is a derivative of the Swedish SJ Rc4 designed for passenger service in the United States .
A boost converter or step-up converter is a DC-to-DC converter that increases voltage, while decreasing current, from its input to its output . It is a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductors, a diode and a transistor , and at least one energy storage element: a capacitor , inductor , or the two in ...
A different control technique known as pulse-frequency modulation can be used to minimize these losses. We still consider that the converter operates in steady state. Therefore, the energy in the inductor is the same at the beginning and at the end of the cycle (in the case of discontinuous mode, it is zero).
The throttle is not the only control that can limit the locomotive's power output: during steady-state running of most locomotives, the throttle is usually set wide open and the power output is controlled by moving the reversing lever (2) closer to its mid-point ("reducing the cut-off") to limit the amount of steam admitted to the cylinders.
An electronic control unit (ECU), also known as an electronic control module (ECM), is an embedded system in automotive electronics that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a car or other motor vehicle.
Fig. 1: Schematic of a flyback converter. The flyback converter is used in both AC/DC, and DC/DC conversion with galvanic isolation between the input and any outputs. The flyback converter is a buck-boost converter with the inductor split to form a transformer, so that the voltage ratios are multiplied with an additional advantage of isolation.