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Kahneman and Miller (1986) originally explored the exceptionality effect using two experimental scenarios: the hitchhiker scenario and the car accident scenario. In the hitchhiker scenario, participants evaluated two individuals: Mr. Jones, who rarely picks up hitchhikers but does so and gets robbed, and Mr. Smith, who regularly picks up hitchhikers and also gets robbed.
The testing effect (also known as retrieval practice, active recall, practice testing, or test-enhanced learning) [1] [2] [3] suggests long-term memory is increased when part of the learning period is devoted to retrieving information from memory. [4]
A practice effect is the outcome/performance change resulting from repeated testing. This is best described by the Power Law of Practice : If multiple levels or some other variable variation are tested repeatedly (which is the case in between-group experiments), the subjects within each sub-group become more familiarized with testing conditions ...
Differential item functioning (DIF) is a statistical property of a test item that indicates how likely it is for individuals from distinct groups, possessing similar abilities, to respond differently to the item. It manifests when individuals from different groups, with comparable skill levels, do not have an equal likelihood of answering a ...
Cross-sectional research is a research method often used in developmental psychology, but also utilized in many other areas including social science and education. This type of study utilizes different groups of people who differ in the variable of interest, but share other characteristics such as socioeconomic status, educational background ...
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Task switching, or set-shifting, is an executive function that involves the ability to unconsciously shift attention between one task and another. In contrast, cognitive shifting is a very similar executive function, but it involves conscious (not unconscious) change in attention.
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test is widely used in clinical settings to test for cognitive impairments, such as frontal lobe disorder which has been associated with source amnesia. [28] Procedure. Two sets of 12 identical cards forms the visuo-spatial component for the test. The figures on the cards differ with respect to color, quantity, and shape.