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  2. Portfolio optimization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolio_optimization

    Portfolio optimization is the process of selecting an optimal portfolio (asset distribution), out of a set of considered portfolios, according to some objective. The objective typically maximizes factors such as expected return , and minimizes costs like financial risk , resulting in a multi-objective optimization problem.

  3. Markowitz model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markowitz_model

    The portfolio P is the most efficient portfolio, as it lies on both the CML and Efficient Frontier, and every investor would prefer to attain this portfolio, P. The P portfolio is known as the Market Portfolio and is generally the most diversified portfolio. It consists of essentially all shares and securities in the capital market (either long ...

  4. Modern portfolio theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theory

    Modern portfolio theory (MPT), or mean-variance analysis, is a mathematical framework for assembling a portfolio of assets such that the expected return is maximized for a given level of risk. It is a formalization and extension of diversification in investing, the idea that owning different kinds of financial assets is less risky than owning ...

  5. Portfolio (finance) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolio_(finance)

    This is an example of a multi-objective optimization problem: many efficient solutions are available and the preferred solution must be selected by considering a tradeoff between risk and return. In particular, a portfolio A is dominated by another portfolio A' if A' has a greater expected gain and a lesser risk than A.

  6. Efficient frontier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_frontier

    In modern portfolio theory, the efficient frontier (or portfolio frontier) is an investment portfolio which occupies the "efficient" parts of the risk–return spectrum. Formally, it is the set of portfolios which satisfy the condition that no other portfolio exists with a higher expected return but with the same standard deviation of return (i ...

  7. Merton's portfolio problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton's_portfolio_problem

    Merton's portfolio problem is a problem in continuous-time finance and in particular intertemporal portfolio choice. An investor must choose how much to consume and must allocate their wealth between stocks and a risk-free asset so as to maximize expected utility .

  8. Post-modern portfolio theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-modern_portfolio_theory

    The result was an asset allocation model that PRI licensed Brian Rom to market in 1988. Mr. Rom coined the term PMPT and began using it to market portfolio optimization and performance measurement software developed by his company. These systems were built on the PRI downside- risk algorithms.

  9. Black–Litterman model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black–Litterman_model

    In finance, the Black–Litterman model is a mathematical model for portfolio allocation developed in 1990 at Goldman Sachs by Fischer Black and Robert Litterman. It seeks to overcome problems that institutional investors have encountered in applying modern portfolio theory in practice. The model starts with an asset allocation based on the ...