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The strategy of asking an interlocutor for the correct word or other help is a communication strategy. [3] Non-verbal strategies This can refer to strategies such as the use of gesture and mime to augment or replace verbal communication. [1] [9] Avoidance Avoidance, which takes multiple forms, has been identified as a communication strategy.
The technique encrypts pairs of letters (bigrams or digrams), instead of single letters as in the simple substitution cipher and rather more complex Vigenère cipher systems then in use. The Playfair cipher is thus significantly harder to break since the frequency analysis used for simple substitution ciphers does not work with it. The ...
In acting, substitution is the understanding of elements in the life of one's character by comparing them to elements in one's own life. For example, if an actor is portraying a character who is being blackmailed, they could think back to some embarrassing or private fact about their own life, and mentally superimpose that onto the character's secret.
Learners in environments using communication to learn and practice the target language by communication with one another and the instructor, the study of "authentic texts" (those written in the target language for purposes other than language learning), and the use of the language both in class and outside of class.
In cryptography, a Caesar cipher, also known as Caesar's cipher, the shift cipher, Caesar's code, or Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques. It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet.
Paralanguage, also known as vocalics, is a component of meta-communication that may modify meaning, give nuanced meaning, or convey emotion, by using techniques such as prosody, pitch, volume, intonation, etc. It is sometimes defined as relating to nonphonemic properties only. Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously.
In a polygraphic substitution cipher, plaintext letters are substituted in larger groups, instead of substituting letters individually. The first advantage is that the frequency distribution is much flatter than that of individual letters (though not actually flat in real languages; for example, 'OS' is much more common than 'RÑ' in Spanish).
Alternative techniques included inserting microdots into slits cut into the edge of postcards. Printing introduces noise in the ciphertext, at times rendering the message unrecoverable. There are techniques that address this limitation, one notable example being ASCII Art Steganography. [4] Yellow dots from a laser printer