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Recently, copper alloys have become important netting materials in aquaculture (the farming of aquatic organisms including fish farming).Various other materials including nylon, polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, plastic-coated welded wire, rubber, patented twine products (Spectra, Dyneema), and galvanized steel are also used for netting in aquaculture fish enclosures around the world.
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Mycobacterium marinum is an acid-fast, aerobic bacterium which can infect humans. [4] Infection is usually associated either with swimming, preparing sea food, or with keeping or working with aquarium fish. [2] Infections of humans are rare due to the chlorination of water. [4]
Furunculosis is commonly known as tail rot in fish and is common in goldfish and koi. Infected fish with open sores are able to spread the disease to other fish. [5] It is also one of several bacteria that can cause bald sea urchin disease. [14] Since A. salmonicida cannot grow at 37 °C, it is not pathogenic in humans. [15]
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics have low propensity to induce bacterial resistance and are less likely to disrupt the microbiome (normal microflora). [3] On the other hand, indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics may not only induce the development of bacterial resistance and promote the emergency of multidrug-resistant organisms, but also cause off-target effects due to dysbiosis.
Most human S. iniae infections are associated with injuries while handling live or fresh infected fish. S. iniae can cause opportunistic infections in weakened or immunocompromised humans. [27] It is most commonly associated with bacteremic cellulitis, but has been known to cause endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis. [15]
Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth.
Some species, such as S. suis, S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus, and S. agalactiae ST283, can be acquired through the consumption of undercooked pork, horsemeat, or fish, respectively, or via unpasteurized dairy products. S. iniae infections in humans often occur through skin abrasions during fish cleaning. The mode of transmission among fish is ...