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The spin magnetic moment of a charged, spin-1/2 particle that does not possess any internal structure (a Dirac particle) is given by [1] =, where μ is the spin magnetic moment of the particle, g is the g-factor of the particle, e is the elementary charge, m is the mass of the particle, and S is the spin angular momentum of the particle (with magnitude ħ/2 for Dirac particles).
In atomic physics, the Landé g-factor is a multiplicative term appearing in the expression for the energy levels of an atom in a weak magnetic field. The quantum states of electrons in atomic orbitals are normally degenerate in energy , with these degenerate states all sharing the same angular momentum.
The gravitational constant appears in the Einstein field equations of general relativity, [4] [5] + =, where G μν is the Einstein tensor (not the gravitational constant despite the use of G), Λ is the cosmological constant, g μν is the metric tensor, T μν is the stress–energy tensor, and κ is the Einstein gravitational constant, a ...
The Einstein field equations (EFE) may be written in the form: [5] [1] + = EFE on a wall in Leiden, Netherlands. where is the Einstein tensor, is the metric tensor, is the stress–energy tensor, is the cosmological constant and is the Einstein gravitational constant.
In both cases a 4-spinor is obtained and for both linearizations the g-factor is found to be equal to 2. Therefore, the factor 2 is a consequence of the minimal coupling and of the fact of having the same order of derivatives for space and time. [8] Physical spin- 1 / 2 particles which cannot be described by the linear gauged Dirac ...
The force is proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them: [11] Diagram of two masses attracting one another = where F is the force between the masses; G is the Newtonian constant of gravitation (6.674 × 10 −11 m 3 ⋅kg −1 ⋅s −2);
Pauli's equation is derived by requiring minimal coupling, which provides a g-factor g=2. Most elementary particles have anomalous g-factors, different from 2. In the domain of relativistic quantum field theory, one defines a non-minimal coupling, sometimes called Pauli coupling, in order to add an anomalous factor
newton meter squared per kilogram squared (N⋅m 2 /kg 2) shear modulus: pascal (Pa) or newton per square meter (N/m 2) acceleration due to gravity: meters per second squared (m/s 2), or equivalently, newtons per kilogram (N/kg) magnetic field strength: ampere per meter (A/m) Hamiltonian: joule (J)