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The Nuremberg Laws (German: Nürnberger Gesetze, pronounced [ˈnʏʁnbɛʁɡɐ ɡəˈzɛtsə] ⓘ) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party.
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service: This law removed many Jews from government service: until 1935, the law had an exemption for German Jews who had fought for Germany during World War I. [30] [29] Apr 7, 1933 Law on the Admission to the Bar: This law prevented Jews from taking the bar exam, which is a test needed to ...
A chart depicting the Nuremberg Laws that were enacted in 1935. From 1933 to 1945, the Nazi regime ruled Germany and, at times, controlled almost all of Europe. During this time, Nazi Germany shifted from the post-World War I society which characterized the Weimar Republic and introduced an ideology of "biological racism" into the country's legal and justicial systems. [1]
He himself was tried by the Nuremberg Military Tribunal in the Ministries Trial in 1948 for his role in formulating and carrying out anti-Jewish laws. [22] The court characterized him as an ardent Jew-hater who was able to pursue his anti-Semitic campaign from the safety of his ministerial office. [22]
The Manifesto of Race published on July 14, 1938, prepared for the enactment of racial laws to be introduced. The Italian Racial Laws were passed on November 18, 1938, excluding Jews from the civil service, the armed forces, and the National Fascist Party, and restricting Jewish ownership of certain companies and property; intermarriage was also prohibited. [1]
The result of this policy was the flight of 60,000 Jews from Germany in 1933–1934, of which 53,000 ended up in France, Belgium and Holland. [14] The pinnacle of anti-Jewish legislation was the so-called Nuremberg Race Laws adopted on September 15, 1935. Jews were deprived of German citizenship; mixed marriages were prohibited.
The Nuremberg Laws were based not on religion, but on race, and were grounded on the idea that "racial identity" was "transmitted irrevocably through the blood" of Jewish ancestors. [16] Personally designed by Hitler and proclaimed on 15 September 1935, the laws were "among the first of the racist Nazi laws that culminated in the Holocaust." [16]
The Nuremberg Laws, aimed at preventing further racial mixing, did not dissolve existing marriages "in deference to the social and religious sanctity and privacy of marriage." [4] By December 1942, 27,744 intermarried Jews were registered in Germany. [6] Initially, German women married more Jewish men than their male counterparts.