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where v is the speed of the wave (c in a vacuum or less in other media), f is the frequency and λ is the wavelength. As waves cross boundaries between different media, their speeds change but their frequencies remain constant. Electromagnetic waves in free space must be solutions of Maxwell's electromagnetic wave equation. Two main classes of ...
This is a basic example of run-length encoding; there are many schemes to reduce file size by eliminating redundancy. The Lempel–Ziv (LZ) compression methods are among the most popular algorithms for lossless storage. [6] DEFLATE is a variation on LZ optimized for decompression speed and compression ratio, [7] but compression
A wave along the length of a stretched Slinky toy, where the distance between coils increases and decreases, is a good visualization. Real-world examples include sound waves (vibrations in pressure, a particle of displacement, and particle velocity propagated in an elastic medium) and seismic P waves (created by earthquakes and explosions).
The phase velocity of an electromagnetic wave in such a medium is = = + For the case of an Alfvén wave = + where is the Alfvén wave group velocity. (The formula for the phase velocity assumes that the plasma particles are moving at non-relativistic speeds, the mass-weighted particle velocity is zero in the frame of reference, and the wave is ...
The speed depends on the size of the wave, and its width on the depth of water. Unlike normal waves they will never merge – so a small wave is overtaken by a large one, rather than the two combining. If a wave is too big for the depth of water, it splits into two, one big and one small.
The relevant wave speed in the discussion above is the phase velocity of the wave. This is typically close to the group velocity which can be seen as the truer speed of a wave, but when they differ it is important to use the phase velocity in all calculations relating to refraction.
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An acoustic wave is a mechanical wave that transmits energy through the movements of atoms and molecules. Acoustic waves transmit through fluids in a longitudinal manner (movement of particles are parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave); in contrast to electromagnetic waves that transmit in transverse manner (movement of particles at a right angle to the direction of propagation ...