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Its date is very early (3rd century) and it shows a mixture of runic and Latin letters, reading TᛁᛚᚨᚱᛁDᛊ or TIᛚᚨRIDS (the i, r and s letters being identical in the Elder Futhark and Latin scripts), and may thus reflect a stage of development before the runes became fixed as a separate script in its own right.
The full listing of the elder futhark is known from the inscription on the Kylver Stone (early 5th century). The shape of the z rune algiz and the p rune peorð differ somewhat from that of other known elder futhark inscriptions. [1] The missing four final runes of the row (lŋdo) seem to be cut off because there was not enough space.
Very few Elder Futhark inscriptions in the Gothic language have been found in the territory historically settled by the Goths (Wielbark culture, Chernyakhov culture).Due to the early Christianization of the Goths, the Gothic alphabet replaced runes by the mid-4th century.
The Svingerud Runestone (or Hole Runestone) is a sandstone object featuring Elder Futhark inscriptions found in a grave in Hole (west of Oslo), Norway.Radiocarbon dating indicates that the grave and the runestone date to between 1 and 250 CE, during the Roman Iron Age, making it the oldest datable runestone known in the world, and potentially the oldest known runic inscription. [1]
Visual copy of the Elder Futhark runes on the inscription. The Bergakker inscription is an Elder Futhark inscription discovered on the scabbard of a 5th-century sword.It was found in 1996 in the Dutch town of Bergakker, in the Betuwe, a region once inhabited by the Batavi. [1]
There is only a handful Elder Futhark (pre-Viking-Age) runestones (about eight, counting the transitional specimens created just around the beginning of the Viking Age). Årstad Stone (390–590 AD) Einang stone (4th century) Tune Runestone (250–400 AD) Kylver Stone (5th century) Möjbro Runestone (5th or early 6th century)
The Einang stone bears an Elder Futhark inscription, written from right to left, in Proto-Norse that has been dated to the 4th century. [1] It is the oldest runestone still standing at its original location, and it may be the earliest inscription to mention the word runo 'rune'. Here the word appears in the singular.
The f (ᚠ) and w runes (ᚹ) runes are only partially inscribed. After the last rune follows a spruce- or tree-like rune, with six twigs to the left and eight to the right of a single stave. This is interpreted as a bindrune of stacked Tiwaz rune , [ 5 ] or possibly of six Tiwaz and four Ansuz runes to invoke Tyr and the Æsir for protection.