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The Svingerud Runestone is a sandstone object featuring Elder Futhark inscriptions found in a grave west of Oslo, Norway.Radiocarbon dating indicates that the grave and the runestone date to between 1 and 250 CE, during the Roman Iron Age, making it the oldest datable runestone known in the world, and potentially the oldest known runic inscription. [1]
The first 24 of these runes directly continue the elder futhark letters, and do not deviate in sequence (though ᛞᛟ rather than ᛟᛞ is an attested sequence in both elder futhark and futhorc). The manuscripts Codex Sangallensis 878 and Cotton MS Domitian A IX have ᚣ precede ᛠ.
The Elder Futhark, used for writing Proto-Norse, consists of 24 runes that often are arranged in three groups of eight; each group is referred to as an ætt (Old Norse, meaning 'clan, group'). The earliest known sequential listing of the full set of 24 runes dates to approximately AD 400 and is found on the Kylver Stone in Gotland, Sweden.
Visual copy of the Elder Futhark runes on the inscription. The Bergakker inscription is an Elder Futhark inscription discovered on the scabbard of a 5th-century sword.It was found in 1996 in the Dutch town of Bergakker, in the Betuwe, a region once inhabited by the Batavi. [1]
Its date is very early (3rd century) and it shows a mixture of runic and Latin letters, reading TᛁᛚᚨᚱᛁDᛊ or TIᛚᚨRIDS (the i, r and s letters being identical in the Elder Futhark and Latin scripts), and may thus reflect a stage of development before the runes became fixed as a separate script in its own right.
The full listing of the elder futhark is known from the inscription on the Kylver Stone (early 5th century). The shape of the z rune algiz and the p rune peorð differ somewhat from that of other known elder futhark inscriptions. [1] The missing four final runes of the row (lŋdo) seem to be cut off because there was not enough space.
Full listings of the elder futhark are known from the beginning of the 5th century, with the Kylver stone, and other early examples such as the Vadstena bracteate and the Charnay Fibula. [4] The sequences of the runes in the futhark given in these listings are mostly in agreement, except for the possible inversions of the positions of the p and ...
The first three letters of the Elder Futhark, ᚠ (f), ᚢ (u) and ᚦ (th), are also found on the stone. [14] The longest known inscription in the Elder Futhark, and one of the youngest, consists of some 200 characters, is found on the Eggjum stone, dated to the early 8th century, and may even contain a stanza of Old Norse poetry.