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  2. Scottish independence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_independence

    Scottish independence (Scottish Gaelic: Neo-eisimeileachd na h-Alba; Scots: Scots unthirldom) [1] is the idea of Scotland regaining its independence and once again becoming a sovereign state, independent from the United Kingdom. The term Scottish independence refers to the political movement that is campaigning to bring it about. [2] [3] [4] [5]

  3. Portuguese Restoration War - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War

    The Restoration War (Portuguese: Guerra da Restauração), historically known as the Acclamation War (Guerra da Aclamação), [7] was the war between Portugal and Spain that began with the Portuguese revolution of 1640 and ended with the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668, bringing a formal end to the Iberian Union. The period from 1640 to 1668 was ...

  4. Wars of Scottish Independence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence

    The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th and 14th centuries. The First War (1296–1328) began with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296 and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton in 1328.

  5. History of Portugal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Portugal

    This eventually led to a small interruption in Portugal's 800-year-old independence by way of a 60-year dynastic union with Spain between 1580 and the beginning of the Portuguese Restoration War led by John IV in 1640. Spain's disastrous defeat in its attempt to conquer England in 1588 by means of the Invincible Armada was also a factor, as ...

  6. Anglo-Portuguese Alliance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance

    The Iberian Union (1580–1640), a 60-year dynastic union between Portugal and Spain, interrupted the alliance.The struggle of Elizabeth I of England against Philip II of Spain in the sixteenth century meant that Portugal and England were on opposite sides of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the Dutch–Portuguese War.

  7. Iberian Union - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Union

    The Iberian Union is a historiographical term used to describe the personal union of the Kingdom of Portugal with the Monarchy of Spain, which in turn was itself the dynastic union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon, and of their respective colonial empires, that existed between 1580 and 1640 and brought the entire Iberian Peninsula except Andorra, as well as Portuguese and Spanish overseas ...

  8. Treaty of Lisbon (1668) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon_(1668)

    Also, Portugal could now pursue the possession of its overseas colonies. After 1668, Portugal, determined to differentiate itself from Spain, turned to Western Europe, particularly France and England, for new ideas and skills, part of a gradual "de-Iberianization", as Portugal consolidated its cultural and political independence from Spain.

  9. Spanish–Portuguese War - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish–Portuguese_War

    Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737), fought over the Banda Oriental (Uruguay) Spanish–Portuguese War (1762–1763), also known as the Fantastic War; Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777), fought over the border between Spanish and Portuguese South America; War of the Oranges in 1801, when Spain and France defeated Portugal in the Iberian ...