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The ability of the immune system to recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens is, in part, due to the presence of immune receptors called toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are expressed on the membranes of leukocytes including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, cells of the adaptive immunity T cells, and B cells, and non-immune cells (epithelial and endothelial ...
However, with the knowledge that TLR activation is not required for the immune-enhancing effects caused by common adjuvants, we can conclude that there are, in all likelihood, other receptors besides TLRs that have not yet been characterized, opening the door to future research.
A TLR7 agonist, imiquimod (Aldara), [10] has been approved for topical use in treating warts caused by papillomavirus and for actinic keratosis. [11] Due to their ability to induce robust production of anti-cancer cytokines such as interleukin-12, TLR7 agonists have also been investigated for cancer immunotherapy and as vaccine adjuvants.
Macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2 (MALP-2) is a lipopeptide Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and 6 agonist. It is used in immunological research to simulate Mycoplasma bacterial infections and activate immune cells. MALP-2 holds promise as a novel vaccine adjuvant due to its activation of TLRs. [1] [2] It also promotes vascular, bone, and wound ...
54106 81897 Ensembl ENSG00000239732 ENSMUSG00000045322 UniProt Q9NR96 Q9EQU3 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_138688 NM_017442 NM_031178 RefSeq (protein) NP_059138 NP_112455 Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 52.22 – 52.23 Mb Chr 9: 106.1 – 106.1 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR9 gene. TLR9 has also been designated as ...
7099 21898 Ensembl ENSG00000136869 ENSMUSG00000039005 UniProt O00206 Q9QUK6 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_138557 NM_003266 NM_138554 NM_138556 NM_021297 RefSeq (protein) NP_003257 NP_612564 NP_612567 NP_067272 Location (UCSC) Chr 9: 117.7 – 117.72 Mb Chr 4: 66.75 – 66.85 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), also designated as CD284 (cluster of ...
Entolimod is a recombinant protein that acts as an agonist of toll-like receptor 5 , an innate immunity receptor. Entolimod activation of TLR5 triggers NF-κB signaling, mobilizing an innate immune response that drives the expression of numerous genes, including inhibitors of apoptosis, scavengers of reactive oxygen species, and a spectrum of ...
Toll-like receptor 2 also known as TLR2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR2 gene. [5] TLR2 has also been designated as CD282 ( cluster of differentiation 282). TLR2 is one of the toll-like receptors and plays a role in the immune system .