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A homeowner association (or homeowners' association [HOA], sometimes referred to as a property owners' association [POA], common interest development [CID], or homeowner community) is a private, legally-incorporated organization that governs a housing community, collects dues, and sets rules for its residents.
The role of the HOA is to manage the CID once the control is transferred from the developer. The HOA governs the CID based upon the incorporated covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&Rs) which were recorded when the property was subdivided. [citation needed] The CC&Rs will outline the financial budgeting guideline for the HOA in ...
The territory of the United States may be divided into three classes of non-overlapping top-level political divisions: the 50 States, the federal district, District of Columbia, and a variety of insular areas. There are other political divisions overlapping with or subordinate to the above, for example: counties.
In many states, most or all of the land area of counties is divided into townships, which may or may not be incorporated. In New York, Wisconsin and New England, county subdivisions are called towns. The U.S. Census divides counties in states not having such subdivisions into other minor civil divisions, sometimes using electoral districts.
Local municipalities can be governed by statutes, which are enacted by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, and are specific to the type and class of municipality; by a home rule municipality, under a home rule charter, adopted by the municipality; or by an optional form of government, adopted by the municipality. [3]
[2]: 180 Welfare-state capitalism is based upon a redistribution of income through means tested social welfare, as opposed to a reallocation of productive resources under property-owning democracies. Proponents of property-owning democracy would claim that this form of social structure produces socioeconomic classes, at the base of which sits a ...
Various political subdivisions may do business with each other and the state and federal government in a manner similar to private individuals, limited partnerships, and corporations, with the notable exception that some restrictions may apply with regards to public information, competitive bidding, personal use of government-owned property ...
Some municipalities have a state-authorized property tax exemption for low-price owner-occupied residences of up to 30%. [20] Other exemptions include hospitals, schools, churches, seniors, veterans, surviving spouses, and blind people [21] Local income tax. The Massachusetts Constitution was modified in 1915 to permit a state income tax.