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Firewood with a moisture content below 20 per cent by weight can burn efficiently. This is the "free" moisture content absorbed in the wood fibers, and does not include the chemically-bound hydrogen and oxygen content. Moisture content can be reduced by outdoor air-drying ("seasoning"), for a period of several months in summer weather.
Consumer grade hydraulic log splitters were developed to be powered by electricity, gasoline, or PTO of farm tractors. In 1987 the US Department of Agriculture published a method for producing kiln dried firewood, on the basis that better heat output and increased combustion efficiency can be achieved with logs containing lower moisture content ...
The energy content of a measure of wood depends on the tree species. [19] For example, it can range from 15.5 to 32 million British thermal units per cord (4.5 to 9.3 GJ/m 3). [20] The higher the moisture content, the more energy that must be used to evaporate (boil) the water in the wood before it will burn.
The time to reduce the lumber from 85% moisture content to 25% moisture content is then about 4.5 days. Higher temperatures will yield faster drying times, but they will also create greater stresses in the wood due because the moisture gradient will be larger.
The burning of wood results in about 6–10% ashes on average. [2] The residue ash of 0.43 and 1.82 percent of the original mass of burned wood (assuming dry basis, meaning that H 2 O is driven off) is produced for certain woods if it is pyrolized until all volatiles disappear and it is burned at 350 °C (662 °F) for 8 hours.
Green wood is considered to have 100% moisture content relative to air-dried or seasoned wood, which is considered to be 20%. Energy density charts for wood fuels tend to use air dried wood as their reference, thus oven dried or 0% moisture content can reflect 103.4% energy content.
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