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The voiced uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʀ , a small capital version of the Latin letter r .
The French rhotic has a wide range of realizations: the voiced uvular fricative [ʁ], also realised as an approximant [ʁ̞], with a voiceless positional allophone [χ], the uvular trill [ʀ], the alveolar trill [r], and the alveolar tap [ɾ]. These are all recognised as the phoneme /r/, [5] but [r] and [ɾ] are considered dialectal.
The uvular trill [ʀ] has lately been emerging as a provincial standard, and the alveolar trill [r] was once used in informal speech in Montreal. [when?] In modern Quebec French, the voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] (though voiceless before and after voiceless consonants: treize [tʁ̥aɛ̯zə̆] ⓘ) is most common.
The standard Rs in European Portuguese, French, German, Danish, and Modern Hebrew [6]: 261 are variants of this rhotic. If fricative, the sound is often impressionistically described as harsh or grating. This includes the voiced uvular fricative, voiceless uvular fricative, and uvular trill.
In many of these it has a uvular fricative (either voiced [ʁ] or voiceless [χ]) as an allophone when it follows one of the voiceless stops /p/, /t/, or /k/ at the end of a word, as in the French example maître [mɛtχ], or even a uvular approximant [ʁ̞]. As with most trills, uvular trills are often reduced to a single contact, especially ...
Standard Basque uses a trill for /r/ (written as r-, -rr-, -r), but most speakers of the Lapurdian and Low Navarrese dialects use a voiced uvular fricative as in French. In the Southern Basque Country , the uvular articulation is seen as a speech defect , but the prevalence is higher among bilinguals than among Spanish monolinguals.
A partially devoiced uvular or pre-uvular (i.e. between velar and uvular) trill [ʀ̝̊] with some frication occurs as a coda allophone of /ʀ/ in the Limburgish dialects of Maastricht and Weert. [6] [7] Voiceless trills occur phonemically in e.g. Welsh and Icelandic. (See also voiceless alveolar trill, voiceless retroflex trill, voiceless ...
The concept always includes pharyngeal consonants, but may include velar, uvular or laryngeal consonants as well. Guttural sounds are typically consonants, but murmured, pharyngealized, glottalized and strident vowels may be also considered guttural in nature. [1] [2] Some phonologists argue that all post-velar sounds constitute a natural class.