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For tail calls, there is no need to remember the caller – instead, tail-call elimination makes only the minimum necessary changes to the stack frame before passing it on, [4] and the tail-called function will return directly to the original caller. The tail call doesn't have to appear lexically after all other statements in the source code ...
Every call in CPS is a tail call, and the continuation is explicitly passed. Using CPS without tail call optimization (TCO) will cause not only the constructed continuation to potentially grow during recursion, but also the call stack. This is usually undesirable, but has been used in interesting ways—see the Chicken Scheme compiler. As CPS ...
However, the above example unnecessarily allocates a temporary array for the result of sin(x). A more efficient implementation would allocate a single array for y, and compute y in a single loop. To optimize this, a C++ compiler would need to: Inline the sin and operator+ function calls. Fuse the loops into a single loop.
Note that tail call optimization in general (when the function called is not the same as the original function, as in tail-recursive calls) may be more difficult to implement than the special case of tail-recursive call optimization, and thus efficient implementation of mutual tail recursion may be absent from languages that only optimize tail ...
Programmers can use trampolined functions to implement tail-recursive function calls in stack-oriented programming languages. [1] In Java, trampoline refers to using reflection to avoid using inner classes, for example in event listeners. The time overhead of a reflection call is traded for the space overhead of an inner class.
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A compiler can use the results of escape analysis as a basis for optimizations: [1] Converting heap allocations to stack allocations. [2] If an object is allocated in a subroutine, and a pointer to the object never escapes, the object may be a candidate for stack allocation instead of heap allocation.
For instance, inlining can cause missing stack frames, tail call optimizations can replace one stack frame with another, and frame pointer elimination can prevent call stack analysis tools from correctly interpreting the contents of the call stack. [6] For example, glibc's backtrace() function returns an output with the program function and ...